Cultural Norm Assignment cultural anthropology using book by carol r Essay

Cultural Norm Assignment cultural anthropology using book by carol r. ember Melvin Ember - Essay Example The definition of culture that relies on social groups means that it is a relative concept that varies from one cultural group to another (28). One of the major characteristics of culture is its dynamism that can be considered from two perspectives, cross sectional dynamism and dynamism. Cultural dynamism refers to transition in cultural constructs within a cultural group over a period, or across cultural groups. Dynamism within a group may for example be realized across generations while dynamism across groups identifies fundamental differences in values and practices among cultures. The dynamic feature of culture is important to anthropologists’ interest of understanding and explaining how the changes occur and driving factors behind the changes (Ember and Ember, 6). Other important characteristics of culture include mode of learning that is social, the fact that it is shared among members of a community and its associated symbols. Anthropologists therefore need to understand what culture is and how it works so that they can identify and develop meanings from the different characteristics of culture. This is particularly important with indigenous cultures whose fundamentals can be traced over time, and compared with other cultures (Anthro 1). The observed cultural norms in a nursing set up were scientific belief on causes of illness and honest expressions in communications. These two are considered norms because they are common practices that have been historically observed and considered cultural. They facilitate service delivery in the health care set up that requires cooperation between care personnel and patients. Cultural belief on causes of diseases is for example instrumental on a patient’s willingness to seek treatment and the scientific norm of causes of diseases facilitates scientific approaches towards provision of health

Business environment facing lafarge cement of UK

Business environment facing lafarge cement of UK Introduction Lafarge has been a major player in the UK construction sector since entering the British market in 1987 acquiring Redland in 1997 and Blue Circle in 2001. Today, Lafarge is the market-leader in cement and holds top-ranking positions in aggregates, concrete and plasterboard. Lafarge has three sister companies in Britain Lafarge Cement UK, Lafarge Aggregates Concrete UK and Lafarge Plasterboard UK. Lafarge is passionate about customer care and proud of its active approach to sustainability and safety (Lafarge.co.uk 2009). This piece of work will explore the business environment facing Lafarge and establish a few strategic priorities going into the future. A Summary Statement of Findings This summary statement of findings analyses the UK construction industry, which is a major sector in the UK economy. The industry has a high political and social profile due to it key role in providing housing, its impact on the environment and its part as a major employer. It accounts for approximately 10% of the UK GDP and provides for over half its fixed capital investment. The industry experienced rapid growth in the 1980s but a recession in the early 1990s had severe repercussions resulting in its output plummeting, as show is Appendix . However, the volume of work already in progress cushioned the impact. The output of the UK construction industry increased from 55 million in the mid 1980s to an excess of  £110 million by 2007; a remarkable increase in real terms when considering the relative low levels of inflation. However, this increase all changed in 2008 as problems in the US sub-prime mortgage market triggered a catastrophic crash in the US banking sector, which in turn created problems in UK financial markets. This triggered a huge recession in the UK which sent the output of the UK Construction industry to fall 1.1% in 2008. The downside of the economic recession hit construction industry the hardest. This is as this industry runs on credit, more than others, and a credit squeeze affected it badly. Moreover, from the other side customers we re trying to spend as little as possible, squeezing the margins that construction companies were working on. Lafarges performance within the UK business environment during 2008 saw a decline as discussed in Appendix ?. This decline was caused by the recession that hit the UK market in early 2008; the construction sector shrank at its fastest pace since records began. This reduced government and public spending which had a major impact on Lafarge as less government spending meant less money went on the new infrastructure schemes which reduced Lafarge Contracting sales which in turn reduced material sales This had a big effect on Lafarge UK figures as they seen an immense slump in 2008 figures compared to what they were in 2007. A Review and Analysis into the Business Environment of the UK Construction Industry Business environment at Lafarge UK The best method to discover the happenings of a business environment around a company is to undertake a PESTEL analysis. By undertaking a PESTEL analysis it will help one to understand the environment within which Lafarge works better. Looking at the construction industry in general, some of the political issues surrounding them are: Political factors * The UK government is clearly pushing for more affordable housing within the country and this includes both public sector and private sector housing. So it can be said that good or decent housing needs to the people of the country is quite an important political issue. * The Government is involved with housing projects through private finance initiatives and public private partnerships, as these tend to be key aspects of housing projects involving financing, building and operating for these projects. This level of government involvement does mean that it has political implications like selecting projects or choosing partners as well as financial implications. * The UK construction industry is very large in terms of employment, revenue generation and importance to the economy. This high profile nature of the company means the Government usually takes its concerns very seriously and cannot afford to not be empathetic towards the industry. * The constantly spiralling prices of housing within the country points to the need of having affordable housing. Affordable housing schemes means more houses will be built and thus definitely have an impact on all parts of the construction industry including that of Lafarge. * The problem with a high profile industry is that it brings about a lot of regulations with it, thus needs like planning permission and so cause a lot of delay in projects involving a lot of debate and to some extent bureaucracy. Economic Factors  · The construction industry has a more than  £100 bn turnover and this making it one of the largest sectors of the country. This clearly specifies scope for Lafarge, especially as it has the reach and resources to be a big player within the industry.  · The downside of the economic recession has hit construction industry the hardest. This is as this industry runs on credit, more than others, and a credit squeeze affected it badly. Moreover, from the other side customers were trying to spend as little as possible, squeezing the margins that construction companies were working on. Although the economy is recovering but coming out of a long recession, the industry will take time to reach its pre recession levels.  · One of the implications of being part of the construction industrys that the Government is tightening the environmental norms all the time thus it adds to the financial burden of the company as they have to deal with directives, clauses and other pieces of legislation. Social Factors  · There is some skill shortage within the construction industry hence an effort is being made by all companies to hire young, talented people. This can affect Lafarge as they will need to invest time and money into the training of these individuals but as a long-term investment it is good for the company.  · The changes in society have been bringing about a change in the housing needs for people and fast. As more people are living alone, marrying later and old people living longer, distinct changes in housing pattern can be seen. This will increase the need for single occupancy housing thus this needs to be thought of by all constituents of the construction industry.  · With the ever increasing need for sustainable development, housing projects are affecting nearby retail, commercial and public buildings too. This again changes the way the industry functions or will do in the future. Technological Factors  · Regulations regarding buildings continue to add towards bettering energy efficiency and putting demand on other such technological factors in relation to buildings. This again adds to the financial burden of the companies like Lafarge and a major investment in RD results due to this.  · New and improved building materials are also a major research within the industry. The need of the hour is to come up with materials that are sustainable, good for the environment but still functional. Hence work is being carried out to satisfy the next generation of demands.  · Methods that are being used within the industry to build houses are giving rise to new methods of assembly and modulation. New improvements include developing structured insulated panels that provide thermally insulated sheet materials. For further information, Appendix offers a further review and analysis into the business environment of the UK construction industry. Lafarge does operate within the larger construction industry sector; however this section will explore the building materials sector, which is Lafarges core operating territory. This section will look at the environment for that particular sector. Sector overview As hinted in the last section that construction industry is undergoing a lot many changes and the building materials sector is no different. As emerging markets become urbanized and their demand for materials grows, so does the need to align to these markets. Within the more developed economies, environment and sustainability have become major points and as people gain awareness, companies like Lafarge will need to take those demands into consideration. Some of the key strategic directions taken by Lafarge are: Expansion of emerging markets There has been a thorough realignment in favour of emerging economies both in Europe and abroad. Around the world, cement production is growing at 5% each year which means that every year 100 million tones of cement is being consumed. Reports show that 70% of world demand is going to come from these sectors hence Lafarge will need to make itself a leading player in these markets. Lafarges current strategy in this regard is quite good, as it has acquired a lot of Cement companies in every region around the world. In fact including Asia, Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, this region contributes to 37% of its turnover and nearly half of its cement turnover. Lafarge is without doubt moving towards a strategy of more value creation. To elaborate, its programs are creating nearly 50 million tonnes of additional cement capacity by 2012. This is in addition to the aggregates and gypsum business. Reducing costs There are a lot of general costs associated with the manufacture of building products and can be broken down as follows: Energy accounts for 33% of the cost of producing cement, Raw materials (more than 50% of which are cement) represent 75% of the cost of ready-mix concrete Delivery expenses account for approximately 20% of the cost, raw materials (primarily gypsum and paper) represent 40% of the cost of plasterboard, energy, raw materials and labour represent 50% of the cost of producing aggregates. Lafarge will need to reduce all costs associated with material manufacture, especially considering the economic crisis in general. It has already started a program that reduces costs by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬200 million by the start of 2010 and over a period of three years, a cost cutting of nearly à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400 million. (see appendix ?) This is in addition to the cost cutting exercise over 2006-08 of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400 million. It has also put a cap on expenditure at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 billion for 2009. These new financial initiatives have completely set Lafarge in a new strategic direction. Cost cutting will definitely improving the companys financial health and enable it to operate on better margins. Reducing environmental footprint of Lafarge operations If one looks at the industry in general there is a lot of waste production along with pollution, dust and other harmful ingredients in the atmosphere. Those materials that are waste derived are actively needed by the cement industry. These are used as replacement for fossil fuel and other raw materials. This measure is only taken forward if the materials can be safe to use and are of high technical quality. Along with all of this if the regulatory norms are met then these materials can be used and are a boon for the industry. The entire industry is now using over 1.4 million tonnes of waste this way and a major contributor in helping the UK government to meet its environmental targets. Coming back to Lafarge, it has been trying to reduce CO2 it produces and emits in accordance to the regulations set by governments all around the world. The current strategy of Lafarge is to improving its material making processes including modernizing plants. It also is rapidly propagating the use of alternative fuels for its production. Another important step taken by the company is moving towards sustainable construction. Building or construction of any sort does lead to consumption of huge swathes of energy and nearly 40% of all CO2 can be attributed to it. Lafarge is working hard at making better buildings using better materials and processes. Lafarge is looking at changing the lifecycle of making building products and incorporating using recyclable materials and renewable energy in order to reduce pollution. Evaluating the future impact of the UK business environment on Lafarge Some important themes have emerged from the previous sections of this piece of work that will help one to recommend future strategies to Lafarge. As far as strategic direction goes Lafarge has to align the company in two directions: First, it needs to keep investing in the emerging markets by strategically acquiring cement companies or starting Greenfield projects if needed. Its taking over of Orascom cement clearly shows that organic growth is important for the company and needs to continue in the same vein. (see appendix ?) Second, innovation via investment in RD is crucial for its long-term benefit. As companies and people grow more aware of the issues surrounding the environment, recyclable and sustainable practices, including materials processes, production needs to be incorporated. This will require a lot of effort and investment as well as a new way of thinking. Other than these main priorities the company can look at other strategic priorities for its operations. These include reducing costs further to enhance the value of the company. Lean operations within this sector will it streamline its operations. In addition, Health safety remains a big area to improve on and such activities will definitely strengthen its position in the market. Conclusion This piece of work looked at the construction industry in the UK and Lafarge materials in particular, to understand the way in which its business environment affects its operations. The work conducted a PESTEL analysis to understand the main challenges facing the construction industry in general. It then went on to conduct a sector overview of the building materials industry, where Lafarge truly operates. One also explored the strategic initiatives started by Lafarge. Finally, based on the current and future trends recommendations were made on Lafarges future strategy. REFERENCES: * Accountancy Ireland (2006), February, Vol. 38, No.1 * Anonymous Contract Journal (2006), September, ABI/INFORM Trade Industry Contract Journal, February, Vol. 442, No. 6664 * Druker, J. and White, G. (1995), Misunderstood and undervalued? Personnel management in construction, Human Resource Management Journal, 5:3, pp. 77-91. * Hollinshead, G., Nicholls, P. and Tailby, S. (1999), Employee Relations, Financial Times/Pitman, London. * Lafarge (2009). www.lafarge..co.uk [Online].[Accessed 12th Januray 2010]. * Mineral Products Association(2008). Performance 2008: A sector plan report from the cement industry. * Oxley R., Poskitt J. (1996), Management Techniques Applied to Construction Industry, Blackwell Publishing, Fifth Edition. Identifying and applying suitable business performance measures to Lafarge Lafarge had an average current ratio in 2007 in relation to its market but this decreased in 2008. Lafarges low current ratio indicates that it barely has sufficient assets available to pay its liabilities. There are many things Lafarge could do to raise there current ratio which are increasing its current assets from loans or other borrowings with a maturity of more than one year, convert non-current assets into current assets or putting profits back into the business could help. Lafarges debtor ratio represents a longer then average duration in obtaining payment for its debts owed compared to that of rival company Aggregate Industries Ltd. This indicates a struggle to obtain payment for work completed, or highlights a need to offer costly credit terms to compete with its rivals. Imposing stricter credit controls can help reduce Lafarges debtor days and improve cash flow. Alternatively, creditor ratio suggests Lafarge are paying there creditors to promptly the creditor ratio is below the market average and Lafarge are not taking advantage of the free cash flow the creditors offer. This could cause working capital issues. Lafarges weak working capital results over the past two year indicate they do not have the liquidity to meet outstanding obligations. Lafarges cash outflow is quicker than its cash inflow. However the debt to equity ratio suggests otherwise. Lafarge has no long term debt indicating strong financial strength as they can always take up debt in future to fund potential projects. A strong interest cover over 2007/2008 indicate that Lafarge has enough equity to pay its loan interest and meet its legal obligations. A zero dividend yield indicates that Lafarges shares have not matured over the past two years. Potential share holders may be discouraged by this. Its strong acid test ratio proves that current assets are not dependable on inventory-which shows strong financial integrity. A negative return on capitally employed questions Lafarges performance, although they have a strong equity base they are still making a loss. Its declining trading profit margin solidifies this by suggesting a potential loss of competitive advantage. A healthy year on year performance in return on equity indicates a strong level of profitability, high market valuation and utilization of its invested capital. A steady low dividend figure along with stable profit levels indicate a good record of using its retained earnings to generate future growth and profits. For further information, Appendix offer a complete evaluation, as well as the subsequent results of Lafarges business performance.

Dylan Thomas Essay -- essays research papers

Despite Dylan Thomas’ often obscure images, he expresses a clear message of religious devotion in many of his poems. He creates images that reflect God’s connection with the earth and body. In “And death shall have no dominion,'; Thomas portrays the redemption of the soul in death, and the soul’s liberation into harmony with nature and God. Thomas best depicts his beliefs, though abstract and complicated, to the reader with the use of analogies and images of God’s presence in nature. Appreciating the virtue of humility in “Shall gods be said to thump the clouds,'; Thomas associates God with thunder, rainbows, and night only to remind us that He is even more present in a simple stone as He is in other great entities. In “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower,'; Thomas again makes the connection of body and earth, implying that there is only one holy force that has created all motion and life on this planet. This force, becaus e it is so pure and boundless, is present in the shadows and poverty of our world, as depicted in “Light breaks where no sun shines.'; God’s sacred presence in the body and earth is the ultimate theme within these chosen poems. In “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower,'; Dylan Thomas illustrates the connection between the earth, the body, and God. He discusses how both nature and man are propelled by the same holy force and therefore are united. He does not propose the question of how the stem grows to create a flower or how blood circulates within the body, but rather what is the ultimate force behind all motion and life on the earth. “The force that through the green fuse drives the flower / Drives my green age/…The force that drives the water through the rocks / Drives my red blood;'; In these analogies, Thomas humbles the human race and depicts God’s presence in all natural things, including humans. Thomas reveals that we are not a separate entity, but only part of a greater existence. Aside from the holy force that propels the world, Thomas also examines how we alter the way our lives should naturally progress. Death is a stage of life; as a rose is bent or killed by the cold so should we age and eventually die in due time. However, Thomas analyzes human and natural... ...s,'; and “waste allotments.'; This stanza is the most important because it claims that “When logics die, / The secret soil grows through the eye, / And blood jumps in the sun.'; Making the final connection with the holy presence in the earth that grows up through the body and into the brain, Thomas conveys that God will save us and be there when we are empty and he will bless us at times when we need it most. In these poems and many others, Dylan Thomas expresses God’s presence and unconditional love for everyone. He has conventional spiritual views, occasionally alluding to the Bible, but his images are unique. He describes heaven with the stars and the wind, and connects God with thunder, rainbows, and gravel. Using the motion and life on the earth, Dylan Thomas facilitates these concrete ideas to describe his abstract spiritual beliefs. Nature is an ideal way to describe God because He is present everywhere on our earth. Whether it be the soul’s redemption into heaven with God and the earth or God’s great force that creates all motion on the planet, His presence is the theme that Dylan Thomas expresses best of all of his poetry.

Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sustainable Communities Project helps and support community groups on all facets of environmental jurisprudence and in peculiar on how to efficaciously take part in environmental determination devising ; by organizing and running workshops, seminars, surgeries and other events in their part. We provide information and publications for persons and groups, raises consciousness about environmental rights and justness and inform people about ELF and our services. more†¦ The accomplishments and expertness of ELF and our members are used to inform the legal and other professions about topical environmental issues through the proviso of preparation and educational events. ELF provides Continuing Professional Development preparation that is accredited by the Law Society, the Bar Council and the Institute of Legal Executives. We besides run a preparation programme for voluntaries and housemans back uping our Advice and Referral Service and Community Outreach Programme. more†¦ ELF promotes entree to environmental justness for the communities we represent and encourage environmental consciousness at every chance. We help authorise communities and persons to do existent alteration for the better, for the environment and for the hereafter. ELF participates in national and international arguments to assist better societal and environmental policy and jurisprudence The Environmental Law Foundation ( E.L.F. ) is a national UK charity committed to assisting persons and communities use the jurisprudence to protect and heighten their environment. The E.L.F. has been awarded support from the Equality and Human Rights Commission to set about a programme of awareness-raising events in England and Wales by the proviso of jurisprudence surgeries aimed at under-represented communities to concentrate on issues of environmental and human rights. The successful campaigner will back up the officer in charge of the bringing of this exciting programme by organizing the information demands of the undertaking and the administration. This station would be of involvement to a recent alumnus who wishes to pursueaa‚ ¬A ¦ Kuwait The Environmental Public Authority of Kuwait ( EPA ) recognizes its ‘ duty towards the environment, and issues this policy as a statement of direction and employee committedness to minimising the environmental impact of its ‘ concern activities. In order to guarantee effectual direction of its ‘ activities, merchandises and services that have the possible to impact the environment, the EPA commits it self to: Bing cognizant of how its activities, merchandises and services impact upon the environment, and conformity with relevant environmental statute law, ordinances and other demands to which it subscribe. Continual betterment of it ‘s environmental public presentation by constructing environmental considerations into its ‘ determination devising procedures and methods of operation, to minimise environmental impact and prevent pollution. Puting and printing a clear set of environmental aims and marks to guarantee continual betterment in it ‘s environmental public presentation and to supervise consequences to guarantee that these marks are met. Guaranting that all EPA activities, merchandises and services, giving rise to important environmental impacts, at all sites are all covered by this policy and that the policy is implemented kept up and communicated to all employees. Communicating this policy and environmental aims to it ‘s clients and all other interested parties. Necessitating its providers and contractors to hold proper respects to EPA ‘s Environmental Policy in regard to the merchandises and services they separately provide. Jetro Aim of The Undertaking The aim of the JETRO Model Project is to analyze optimal solutions for the environmental rehabilitation and preservation of marine H2O quality in Kuwait Bay. To accomplish this intent, the JETRO Model Project includes three undertakings as its constituents as stated below. Three constituents of the Undertaking Component 1: Tidal Flat Project Component 2: Marine Environment Real-time Monitoring Undertakings Component 3: Technology Transfer Project. City CITES ( the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ) is an international understanding between authoritiess. Its purpose is to guarantee that international trade in specimens of wild animate beings and workss does non endanger their endurance. Widespread information presents about the endangered position of many outstanding species, such as the tiger and elephants, might do the demand for such a convention seem obvious. But at the clip when the thoughts for CITES were foremost formed, in the 1960s, international treatment of the ordinance of wildlife trade for preservation intents was something comparatively new. With hindsight, the demand for CITES is clear. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be deserving one million millions of dollars and to include 100s of 1000000s of works and animate being specimens. The trade is diverse, runing from unrecorded animate beings and workss to a huge array of wildlife merchandises derived from them, including nutrient merchandises, alien leather goods, wooden musical instruments, lumber, tourer oddities and medical specialties. Degrees of development of some animate being and works species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat lo ss, is capable of to a great extent consuming their populations and even conveying some species near to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are non endangered, but the being of an understanding to guarantee the sustainability of the trade is of import in order to safeguard these resources for the hereafter. Because the trade in wild animate beings and workss crosses boundary lines between states, the attempt to modulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords changing grades of protection to more than 30,000 species of animate beings and workss, whether they are traded as unrecorded specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. CITES was drafted as a consequence of a declaration adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN ( The World Conservation Union ) . The text of the Convention was eventually agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 states in Washington DC. , United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. The original of the Convention was deposited with the Depositary Government in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish linguistic communications, each version being every bit reliable. CITES is an international understanding to which States ( states ) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ( ‘joined ‘ Citations ) are known as Parties. Although CITES is lawfully adhering on the Parties aa‚ ¬ † in other words they have to implement the Convention aa‚ ¬ † it does non take the topographic point of national Torahs. Rather it provides a model to be respected by each Party, which has to follow its ain domestic statute law to guarantee that CITES is implemented at the national degree. Daft Contentss Page Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purposes and aims 1.3 Methodology Chapter 2 2.1 illustrations of the environment issues 2.2 2.3 Chapter 3 3.1 UK environmental issues. 3.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 3.2 Environment organisations. 3.4 UK Environment Agency. Chapter 4 4.1 Kuwait environmental issues. 4.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 4.3 Environment organisations. 4.4 Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) . Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Decision 5.3 Recommendations Mention Appendixs Appendix a Appendix B Literature Review Differences in environmental coverage patterns in the UK and the US ( Leigh Holland & A ; Yee Boon Foo, 2002 ) The paper examines the current environmental coverage patterns in the UK and US one-year studies it besides suggests elements of the legal and regulative construction of each state that regulates the bing environmental activity, and so act upon the environmental public presentation, and find the types of revelations that is made. The survey has been designed in order to prove the proposition that legal and regulative contexts are of import in the development of environmental revelations, but recognizes other factors that may be involved. The attack was utilizing a little sample to supply indexs of farther research. Alternatively of prosecuting in either a longitudinal or an in-depth survey for a big figure of companies, therefore the experimental groundss are being exploratory instead than unequivocal. The environmental direction context is examined to show an account of recent developments in order to propose influences on describing pattern that may be of import. After there are some theoretical considerations that are examined to determine whether the types of revelation originating from regulative forces reveal that answerability dose exist in the revelation of environmental information, and to what extent dosage this revelation discharges the organisation ‘s answerability to the users of such information. Globalization and the built environment in Kuwait ( Yasser Mahgoub, 2004 ) This paper argues impact of globalisation on the built environment besides discusses tenseness between the localisation and globalisation forces in Kuwait. Since the center of the twentieth century globalisation that has been active in the Gulf country when it witnessed an express development and transmutation that permitted localisation and globalisation patterns to be more manifested. The purpose of this paper is to analyse groundss and effects of the localisation and globalisation procedures in the reinforced environment of Kuwait through following the transmutation of the built environment the twentieth century. This survey claims that the struggle of manners that is presently present in the reinforced environment is a contemplation of struggle between the globalisation and the localisation processes, and that the cultural forces that is presently finding the built environment, such as Islamic-Western, modern-traditional, and local-international, is the result of this tenseness. In the decision of the paper the procedures of localisation and globalisation are coexisting and inseparable, similar to many other parts of the universe, which are in a province of nonstop alterations and interaction. And that there is a demand for an alternate apprehension of what planetary architecture can be, one that understands the critical demand to conserve and esteem assortment every bit good as doctrines of people, infinite, and the interactions with and within the reinforced signifier. Comparative appraisal of EIA systems in MENA states: Challenges and chances ( Karma El-Fadl, Mutasem El-Fadel, 2004 ) This survey compares the legislative models of the MENA states, Environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) is created as a determination tool in order to answer to the enforcing crestless wave of eco-centric apprehensivenesss to intercede between techno-centric position of sustained development and the capableness to make economic growing at the same clip as prevailing over the environmental jobs. This paper reveals position of EIA systems in the states of North Africa and Middle East part through a relative appraisal of the presented and planned processs and statute law. The incorporation of the pattern of EIA into a broad scope of civilizations and political systems reflecting the desire and demand to unite environmental considerations into the decision-making procedure. In decision there was foregrounding for some root cause of inadequate or hapless environmental direction public presentation throughout the part. Such as the consequence of poorness in rushing up the environmental debasement has been good established and recognized worldwide over the old ages. In add-on, environmental debasement is compounded with high rates of population growing and deficient degrees of instruction both at local populations and decision-making degrees. The analysis point out that there is deficient expertness and heed among the determination shapers and the populace, refering the significance of suited environmental direction and this is due to the low rate of implementing environmental statute law every bit good as deficiency of satisfactory environmental criterions and monitoring plans. Terrestrial & A ; Atmospheric Environment During & As ; After the Gulf War ( Tahir Husain, 1997 ) Appraisal of different pollutants in the tellurian environment as a consequence of Kuwaiti oil fires are presented in this survey. And the impacts of these pollutants on the environment and human wellness are besides briefly discussed. The most obvious environmental jobs emerged during the Gulf War were due to the largest oil spill on record and the torching of the oil Wellss in the Kuwaiti oil Fieldss. The Other environmental jobs were those associated with the harm done to the earthly environment due to the monolithic troop motions, the discharge of ammo during land and air conflicts, the possible release of toxic stuffs, and the ingestion of land and sea mines. In this survey there was a comparative rating during and after the Gulf War, based on the informations compiled on particulate affair concentration and gaseous pollutants at assorted locations within Kuwait. The analysis confirms that the concentration of gaseous pollutants and particulate affair during the oil fires in 1991 was much higher than in 1993. The economical and international dimensions of the environmental jobs, environmental jobs in the Black Sea part and the function of the voluntary organisations ( Nagehan Arslana, Mustafa Okmenb, 2005 ) Today environmental jobs have local, national and international facets. Where the environmental jobs in the Black Sea part are a good illustration, these jobs have affected all six states that have shores with the Black Sea. This survey analyses these jobs, and aims to comprehend the possible grounds for these jobs followed with suggestions to work out them taking into consideration the economic dimensions. Then it emphasizes the functions and importance of voluntary organisations in the procedure of work outing environmental jobs. The decision where basic stipulations to set about these jobs such as finding of the environmental state of affairs, development of a effectual, experienced applicable methods for support of proficient and institutional capacity, finding of investing demands in order to halt environmental pollution and decay. And that the solution proposals should include the fact that environmental jobs have legal, economic, societal, and political dimensions with their cumulative belongingss. The survey stressed that an analytical attack is needed for causes and result by analyzing the environmental jobs with local, regional and international belongingss. â€Å" State of the Art † – current cognition in the field Under the relevant European Directives, an Environmental Statement is the accepted merchandise of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Statements are frequently prearranged in a manner that illustrates the environmental baseline, betterment and effects for each type of environmental receptors such as ecology, archeological resources, H2O resources, human existences etc. Contaminated land is frequently managed in the same ways as a assortment of environmental receptor groups, although it is chiefly a cause of impacts instead than a receptor. It besides frequently refers to a preexistent province and its destructive consequence is on a assortment of different receptors such as human wellness, edifices, groundwater characteristics, surface H2O characteristics and ecology. This means that land taint experts struggle with incorporating the issue in a logical mode in an Environmental Statement. And lodging to the structured attack of an environmental statement is critical to guarantee a clear image of the bing environmental status. Contaminated land in many states is considered to be on a source-pathway-receptor footing. This is critical to understand the impact that land development can hold on the topic of contaminated land. And development can interfere with any of these three elements. As a affair of fact It can present sensitive receptors through altering the usage of land, for case by constructing new residential units on a site that was before used for heavy industry. New tracts linking preexistent taint with a current receptor can be formed, for case when stacking throughout a non-permeable bed linking a bed of contaminated dirts with a deep aquifer. Finally by presenting pollutants on the site, a development undertaking can present possible beginnings of taint. And the 2nd component presently considered is the structured attack of an environmental statement. CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT The MDG 7 purposes for the incorporation of sustainable development rules into state ordinances, policies and programmes that was achieved in Kuwait when the Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) was established in 1995. The EPA is responsible for the direction and protection of environment. The EPA statute law establishing has given it a high profile necessitating the supreme council of the authorization chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister. Harmonizing to the international categorization, and the geographical place of the state every bit good as the size, the proportion of land country covered by woods which is zero and the land country protected to keep a biological assortment is undistinguished as a per centum of the whole country of the state. Kuwait has experienced a systematic addition in GDP per unit of energy usage. The per centum of population that is utilizing solid fuels has been zero for a long clip on the history of the immensely developed nature of the society every bit good as on the history of the fact that the economic system is oil-based affecting the easiness of usage of non-solid fuels. Hence Kuwait is located in a desert part, with no woods ; there is no major deduction for utilizing solid fuels on the environment. Kuwaitis enjoy a nice criterion of life and accordingly, the per centum of population with sustainable entree to heighten beginnings of H2O has been 100 % for a extended period of clip. Therefore, the MDG 7 mark 10 has already been achieved. Sing the sum of people with entree to procure tenancy, approximately 99.7 % of Kuwaiti families had entree to procure tenancy as of December 2002. Of these, 11.6 % were populating in modern flats and 1.2 % life in traditional houses and extensions, and 86.9 % life in houses. The State of Kuwait, with a entire country of 17,820 kilometers, lies at the caput of the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered in the North and Northwest by Iraq, in the sou'-west and West by Saudi Arabia and it overlooks the Gulf to the E. Kuwait has a desert clime characterized by a long, dry hot summer, with temperatures sometimes even falling below four grades Celsius. The long-run mean one-year rainfall for the whole state historically was about 176 millimeters. The Arabian ( Persian ) Gulf is 1,000 kilometer by 200-300 kilometers broad, and is oriented north-west aa‚ ¬ † sou'-east. Very shallow, the mean deepness is merely approximately 36 m. The Environment of Kuwait suffered the worst oil pollution events in human history. On August 2, 1990 Kuwait was invaded by Iraqi military personnels. The environmental amendss ensuing from the invasion and the subsequent release war have affected all ecosystems, every bit good as human wellness. Seven hundred and eight oil Wellss were sabotaged or set on fire. Approximately two to three million barrels of petroleum oil, burned and unburned, were emitted daily during the release war for 300 yearss. Overall, 70 million barrels of oil contaminated 49 kilometer of the desert as oil lakes. Around 953 kilometer of the desert was oiled from the radioactive dust of greasy atoms. The oil taint of the tellurian ecosystems reached degrees on an unprecedented graduated table in the history of the planet. The impacts on the environment will take decennaries to partly vanish and their full effects may ne'er be realized. The oil taint of the sea has had less serious impacts in the Kuwaiti Marine environment, and the natural recovery has improved the state of affairs over clip. Presently, the coral reefs appear healthy and the measure of runt harvested each twelvemonth is similar to the 1s recorded before the war. These findings do non place the more long-run impacts of the taint on Marine ecosystems and populating species. Twelve old ages after the war. The visual aspect of the environment is much better. The marine resources still have a great potency and are a chief part to the nutrient supply in Kuwait. The oil production statistics demonstrate that oil production in Kuwait after the war has full recovered. Battle with supervisor Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Evidence of meetings see attached signifiers Programme to Completion Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Updated version of your Initial Project Proposal Transcript from the initial entry with alterations clearly indicated

Learning English as Second Language Essay

Learning a Second Language (L2) is a lifelong process and it is often a challenging experience for L2 learners. English has become the L2 after it was introduced to Malaysia during colonization. Presently, it is an international language and is used as the language in international relations, and in exchanging knowledge and technology. It was only since a few decades ago that it was taught to almost all schoolchildren. In general, local Malaysian students have been exposed to eleven years of learning English language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) in primary and secondary schools. Current era, good English writing competence is widely recognized as an important skill for educational, business and personal reasons. The ability to write effectively in English is becoming increasingly important in our global community as communication across language becomes ever more essential. On the other hand, writing is a complex process which demands cognitive analysis and lingu istic synthesis. It is even harder to learn to write in a second language, and it takes considerable time and effort to become a skillful writer. The present study seeks to explore ESL learners’ major writing difficulties by analyzing the nature and distribution of their writing errors. There are several ways of thinking about errors in writing. For example, in light of what we, as linguists, know about second language acquisition and what we know about how texts, context and the writing process interact with one another students‟ writing in L2 generally contains varying degrees of grammatical and rhetorical errors. These kinds of errors are especially common among L2 writers who do not have enough language skills to express what they want to say in a comprehensible way. The present study analyses the English L2 language errors in the writing of Malaysian learners. Statement of Problem English occupies the status of a L2 in the Malaysian education system in both primary and secondary schools. However, learning English as a L2 is not an easy task. According to Brown (2000), in order to master the English language, learners have to be adequately exposed to all of the four basic skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. Language teaching in this country is currently focusing on the teaching and learning of the four language skills. However, the standard of English, among Malaysian children is on the decline despite learning English for several years. Malaysian students are still weak in English, especially in their writing skills. They still seem to commit errors in all aspects of language. According to James (1988) errors in writing such as tenses, prepositions and weak vocabulary are the most common and frequent type of errors that are committed by learners. Since grammar is seen only as a means to an end, some learners tend to re-emphasize its importance and in the process, they make many more errors. The learners usually face difficulties in learning the grammatical aspects of the Target Language (TL), such as in subject-verb agreement, the use of preposition, articles and the use of correct tense. Such errors can be seen clearly in the learners’ written performance. The problems that the students are bound to encounter would be weak vocabulary, inappropriate use of grammar in sentences and etc. Thus, teachers who can analyze and treat errors effectively are better equipped to help their students become more aware of their errors. The use of Error Analysis (EA) and appropriate corrective techniques can aid effective learning and teaching of English. It is understood that learning a second language is a gradual process, during which mistakes are to be expected in all stages of learning. Mistakes will not disappear simply because they have been pointed out to the learner, contrary to what some language learners and teachers believe. In fact making mistakes is a natural process of learning and must be considered as part of cognition. As a result, errors must be viewed positively. Therefore, EA is the best tool for describing and explaining errors made by speakers of other languages. By investigating students’ written work, it will provide a means to help Malaysian teachers to recognize the importance of errors as one of the challenging areas in teaching English. Objective of Study This lends to the objective of the study, which is to investigate the types of errors made by Form Four student in their written work. The study sought to answer the following research question: * What are the most common errors that students make in their essays? Methodology Location The location of the study was a secondary school in a housing area in Shah Alam town which is located within the district of Petaling and a portion of the district of Klang in the state of Selangor which is about 25 kilometres west of the country’s capital, Kuala Lumpur. The name of the school is SMK TTDI Jaya, Shah Alam. The school runs in two teaching sessions, namely the morning and afternoon session. Table 1: Distribution of Form 4 Students and Ethnic Background Participant A Form four female students have participated in this study. She had her primary education in National schools, in which Malay was the medium of instruction. English was taught as an additional subject within the school curriculum. The respondent is from Form 4 Gigih comprising of 30 boys and 42 girls. The students’ language proficiency is lower intermediate. According to the participant’s English language the class that the participant currently studying focuses more on Malay language learning and the students tend to neglect the importance of English language Background of the Student The name of the student is Nurul Nadeah binti Zulkifli. She is 16 years old. She is staying at Seksyen 15, Shah Alam. Her father works as an engineer and her mother is a house maker. She is the eldest daughter with a younger brother. Her first language is Malay language. She has learnt English for 10 years. She has scored a â€Å"C† grand for her UPSR public examination and a â€Å"D† grade for her PMR public examination. On the other hand, she is more proficient in her first language (Malay language) compared to English language. She has scored an â€Å"A† for her both public exams (UPSR & PMR) which marks her enthusiasm in learning her first language. According to Nurul, she prefers to speak and write in her mother tongue since she is comfortable with it. Thus, she views English language subject as an entry requirement for her to enter university. Despite, she added that she has not been encouraged to use English language either her parents or among friends sin ce childhood. Procedure The participant was administered a writing assignment that involved essay writing. She was required to write a cause and effect essay entitled† The Causes and Effects of River Pollution† within a period of 60 minutes and a minimum of 200-350 words. This essay follows the English format of SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) Examination in which every student will have to take when they are in Form Five. It is a guided writing whereby the student was given a brief outline on the essay that includes the main causes and effects which the student need to explain in detail. The essay was typed using Microsoft Word 2003 so that it was computer readable. After that, the three steps of EA specified by Corder (1974) were followed: * Collection of sample errors * Identification of errors * Description of errors Instruments The instruments that we used to analyze the errors in the essays are as follows: * The students’ essay * Grammar book references * Consulting to an experienced school teacher : * Well experienced in English language teaching for 23 years and also SPM English paper marker for two years consecutively. * Interviewing a lecturer from MSU Centre For Foundation Studies (CFS) department * Group discussion. * Internet sources A total of 62 common errors were examined and categorized into 12 error types. Errors related with lexical knowledge (spelling, parts of speech, capitalization) accounted for 32.3%. Errors related with sentence structure (complex/compound, missing word, word order and redundancy) accounted for 30.6%. Other grammatical errors (verb tense, passive voice, modals and phrasal modals,article, subject-verb agreement) accounted for 37.1%.Based on the table, it reflects that the students have committed most number of errors in the parts of speech which includes noun, verb, participle, interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb, and conjunction. The second most number of errors is registered under redundancy which means the occurrence of unwanted repetition in the written essay. Table 3: Most Common Errors and Examples of Errors Definition andError classification| Identification of errors| Correct sentences and explanation of rule| 1. Basic Phrase Structure * A sentence is formed through the combination of Noun Phrase(NP) and Verb Phrase(VP)| Sentence10:1 The industry is releasing chemical waste products from industrial waste. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide , zinc, copper and mercury.Sentence 11:2. Example of chemical waste products are cyanide, zinc, copper and mercury. The chemical products that released is dangerous| 1. The industry releases chemical wastes such as cyanide , zinc , copper, and mercuryExplanationSubject: The industry Verb : releasesPredicate: chemical waste products such as cyanide, zinc , lead , copper, and mercury. * The industry is releasing chemical waste products â€Å"from industrial waste. â€Å" This sentence is incomplete.2. These chemical waste is dangerousExplanationLiquid or substances basically known as uncountable noun which refers to general abstraction but countable noun refer to specific things. These : refer something specific (SUBJECT ) is : verbDangerous : abstract verb| 2. Passive Sentences * The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb| Sentence 1:1. Water is the important elements that needed by the human to live. Sentence 28:2. The flow of the clear water from the river will be disturbed. This is because, the water quality is more spoiled and flow to the river will be polluted and affecting the living things.| Water is the important element that human need for livingExplanation The word â€Å"need† in this sentence should be the subject.2. This is because, the quality of water is spoiledExplanation The phrase â€Å"water quality† is unclear and incomplete.| 3. Complex/Compound * A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. * A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so and a comma or by a semicolon alone.| Senten ce 4:1. If, there is no water, living things cannot survive.Sentence 5:2. In, today’s world, river pollution is occurring so seriously.| 1. If there is no water, living things cannot surviveExplanation Difficulty in identifying dependent clause- complex sentence2. Today’s world, river pollution occurs very seriously.ExplanationWrong compound phrase.| 4. Subject/Verb Agreement * If a subject is singular, it’s verb must also be singular * If a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.5. Modals and Phrasal Modals * Modals are special words in English and are used for specific purposes. They are NOT verbs. * The form is: Subject + Modal + Verb| Sentence 13:1. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. Sentence 16:1. The agriculture activities ^ is one of the economic activitiesSentence 21:2. The flow of water will be disturbed and the quality of water will be decreased. | 1. The second cause for river pollution is from the agricultural activities. * The agricultural activities harms the quality of the water. * The agricultural activities harm the quality of the water.Explanation * The sentence structure is wrong in terms of singular and plural. * The word ‘activities’ shows plural form, so the verb harm should also be plural as well. * But from the aspect of present tense, its wrong because here, plural subjects, no need to add‘s’ for the verbs.1. The agricultural activities ought to be one of the economic activities. Explanation^ shows that a phrasal modal can be added to make the sentence structure stable.2. The flow of the water will be disturbed and the quality of water would decreaseExplanation Redundancy of the modal is exchanged with another suitable modal. | 6. Parts of Speech * Noun * Verb * Participle * Interjection * Pronoun * Preposition * Adverb * Conjunction | PrepositionSentence 31:1. The last effect that is stated is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mixed to the river and it will create a dangerous, havoc to the living thingsConjunctionSentence 36:1. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution. | 1. The last effect is from mineral extraction. From the activity, the effect is the dangerous substances will mix into the river and it will create havoc to the living things.Explanation†Into† is a preposition that answers the question â €Å"Where?†1. So, it is important to take care of the river. However, we can’t completely stop the river pollution but we can control it.Explanation The conjunction but should be used in this sentence since it is used to signify a negation, to create contrast. Discussion Sentence types Altogether there are 36 complete sentences. Out of 36 complete sentences, 10 sentences were simple sentences, 14 were complex sentences and12 were compound sentences. More than half complex sentences were unnecessary repetition of points. It was also found that most of the sentences were constructed using the definite article ‘the’ and the repetition of the word ‘another’ on starting of the paragraph 4 and 6. The unnecessary repetition of the points in the students’ written essay reflects that the student have a very limited knowledge in the given topic and has not exposed her to different sequence connectors. Major Error Analysis 1. Basic Phrase Structure Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language’s syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules are usually of the form , meaning that the constituent A is separated into the two sub constituents B and C. * The first rule reads: An S consists of an NP followed by a VP. This means A sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase. * The next one: A noun phrase consists of a determiner followed by a noun * Further explanations of the constituents: S, Det, NP, VP, AP, PP` In this study, the student has encounter difficulties in writing a senten ce with a correct phrase structure. This happens because she was not corrected by anyone whenever she makes the error. For example, the excerpt below was taken from the student’s written essay. â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The above excerpt registers that the student has difficulty in constructing a basic phrase structure. According to me, the above excerpt is totally vague since it does not follow the basic rules of phrase structure. Mdm Patmabathy, the school teacher that we consulted in our error analysis says that this excerpt is meaningless and she added that this student is very poor in terms of sentence construction. Despite, she also said that it is also a very serious error when she gets to know that it is a written work of a Form 4 student. If I was given a chance to correct the above excerpt, it may sound like: On the other hand, mineral extraction also contributes to river pollution. This is because, the release of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides and herbicides may obstruct the water flow which results in the decrease of the water flow and the water quality may spoil due to the organic materials released through the mineral extraction.| 2. Passive Sentences In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] Examples: In the student’s written essay, there are some prominent wrongly phrased passive sentences. For example, referring to the same excerpt, â€Å"Another cause of river pollution is the mineral extraction. From the river pollution is because of releasing of nutrients, sediment, metals contaminants, pesticides especially herbicides. The pollution of water that mined that the water flow that run-off water is polluted by the organic materials. The flow of the water and the quality of water will be decreased.†| The use of the word ‘mined’ which is not a passive verb which causes the sentence to be meaningless. From this we should know, in order to use passive sentences one should have a basic knowledge on transitive verbs which the meaning can be used in passive sentences. 3. Complex/Compound A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by * a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so): The dog barked, and the cat yowled. * a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled. * a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series: The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed. A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause. An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause: * The dog that was in the street howled loudly. * A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger. An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note the various positions of the dependent clause): * End: The dog howled although he was well fed. * Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldn’t eat his hamburger. * Middle: The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly. In the student’s written essay, there are more complex sentences constructed compared to compound sentences. Thus, it was merely repetition of words that occurs in the most complex sentences. For example, try to look at the below excerpt from the student’s written essay. There are some effects that caused by those previous activities. The effect of the industrial waste is one of them are the living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die. From the industrial waste also affecting the drinking water for human. This is because of the quality of water is spoiled and more non-nature. There italicized phrase is an example of complex sentence whereby the dependent clause â€Å"living things like fish, crab, and squid and also aquatic plants will die is an expansion of the independent clause ‘the effect of the industrial waste’. Here, the use of complex sentence was not fully utilized since the student has problems in constructing basic phrase structure itself. The student ended up the whole sentence with full of repetition. She should have use a wider vocabulary to explain the point. 4. Subject/Verb Agreement A basic principle of English is that a verb must agree in number with its subject. Although this basic principle is very simple, it is often violated because writers have trouble either identifying the subject or the determining its number. Singular rule * A singular subject requires a singular verb. Consider the following examples. * He is happy. * The boy is happy. * David is happy. Plural Rule * A plural subject requires a plural verb. Consider the following examples. * They are happy. * The boys are happy. * David and Tom are happy The student has committed much error in this section. She tends to use plural verb for singular subject and singular verb for plural subject. For example, the below excerpt from the student’s essay reflects the wrong subject/verb agreement. The second cause for river pollution are from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities is harming the quality of the water. This activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water. The first sentence reflects the use plural verb for singular subject (river pollution is only one). Then, the fourth sentence registers the use of singular verb for plural subject (activities refers to many). So, the correct sentence should be: The second cause for river pollution is from agriculture activities. The agriculture activities harms the quality of the water. These activities can lead to the pollution of river. Moreover, the activities are not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water since it pollutes the clear water.| 5. Parts of Speech (Conjunction) * Conjunctions are words which link two clauses in one sentence * Here are some example conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions| Subordinating Conjunctions| and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so| although, because, since, unless| * Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example: * Jack and Jill went up the hill. * The water was warm, but I didn’t go swimming. * Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example: * I went swimming although it was cold. Referring to the student’s written work, the students has used very limited conjunctions such as ‘and’, ‘so’, and ‘for’. There was also wrong usage of conjunction which is as follows: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water, but also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution be we can control the pollution| For the first sentence, the use of the conjunction ‘but’ is wrong since the sentence is not showing any comparison. The second sentence also applies a wrong conjunction since the word ‘be’ refers to a verb that indicates future actions. So, the correct sentence should be: 1. Moreover, the activities is not only polluting the quality of water and also changes the colour of the water because it polluting the clear water.2. So, it is important to take care the river. However, we cannot completely stop the river pollution but we can control the pollution| Treatment for the Errors 1. Awareness of L1 interference Switching interactively between first and second language has been recognized as one of the salient characteristics of L2 writing. Woodball (2002) suggested that language switching may be driven by the mental operations of private speech for solving L2 problems with L1 resources and the results of his study suggested that less proficient L2 learners switched to their L1s more frequently than more advanced learners. According to Wang‘s finding (2003), the low proficient participants often concentrated on direct translation from their L1 into the L2 to perform their L2 writing to compensate for their L2 linguistic deficiencies. Composing their writing tasks in this way might have helped them overcome writing difficulties without exerting much mental effort. Cases of direct translation were also observed in this study, for example, ‘My nickname is schoolmate takes. English name is I elects. Give to fortune teacher to calculate.’ In addition, students have the tendency to exclude the subject or object and fail to use certain constructions due to L1 interference. Therefore, teachers can help students become aware of interlingual errors by highlighting the structural and lexical differences between Chinese and English in areas when their use is first introduced or reinforced. If interlanguage is likely to occur, then consciousness-raising can help students self-edit their errors when interference occurs 2. Writing Motivation Generally speaking, writing motivation is encouraged through stimulating reading, relation with daily life experience, and support of relevant vocabulary. Pre-writing activities are crucial for unskilled writers. After selecting an appropriate writing task, some relevant reading passages should be introduced. However, the reading materials should only serve as sources for stimulating ideas and learning of relevant vocabulary rather than models to copy. Students have to write on a new but closely related topic. They still have to generate and refine their own ideas as well as construct their own sentences. Even students of low proficiency level should be given the opportunity to experience writing as a creative act of discovery. The process approach is also applicable to low proficient students provided that thoughtful stimulus and guidance are available. 3. Instruction of Basic Grammar Good writing is certainly beyond grammar manipulation. Yet it will be very difficult to compose a clear, logical and fluent paragraph if a writer is unable to write reasonably acceptable simple sentences and does not possess the mastery of some complex sentence structures. Results of the present study indicate an urgent need in upgrading students’ basic linguistic competence. Explicit teaching on salient grammar points like types of sentences, syntax, verb forms of some commonly used tenses is highly recommended in the first semester. In the meantime, it is also important to convey the idea that error-free sentence production is not the prime target for writing practice but as the means with which to better express one’s meaning. Reflection based on the Study Most ESL students want to learn English to be able to speak the language, not write it. However, learning writing skills is an important aspect of learning English as students could be called upon to write in English for professional or formal reasons. Those who wish to live in an English speaking country will most definitely need to be able to write in English in order to fill out forms and other administrative papers concerning their everyday lives. Why we should emphasize more on writing skill in the ESL class? When speaking, there are a number of factors that help make the task easier for a foreign language speaker: speaking usually takes place in a certain context and other pre-existing knowledge is often assumed so that not all information has to be clear and precise; immediate feedback is possible and speakers can adjust as the conversation unfolds. Conversation is often informal in everyday life and easier for an ESL student to become involved in and practice. Writing, however, is a much more formal process. ESL students will most likely have to use their writing skills for formal and professional reasons, like business English. This can be very stressful and downright handicapping if they have never learnt to write in English. Thus, errors serve as an important means for us as a future teacher to observe leaner’s learning process and learning strategies. Based on the study that we have conducted, we have found that teaching writing is one of the hardest skill compare to the rest. It needs more on teachers’ effort whereby the teacher should expose the students from the basic grammar to the perfect sentence constructions. Conclusion The results of the study show that errors that the participant committed were basically grammatical. The participant also had a relatively weak vocabulary and their sentences were sometimes incomprehensible. She committed errors in applying sentence structure rules in the English language. Hence, we can conclude that this participant has problems in acquiring normal grammatical rules in English. This study has shed light on the manner in which students internalize the rules of the TL. It further shows that error analysis also can help the teachers to identify in a systematic manner the specific and common language problems students have, so that they can focus more attention on these types of errors. Such an insight into language learning problems is useful to teachers because it provides information on common trouble-spots in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials. Also, by being able to predict errors to a certain extent, teachers can be well-equipped to help students minimize or overcome their learning problems. Bibliography 1) Ancker, W. (2000). Errors and corrective feedback: Updated theory and classroom practice. English Teaching Forum. 38(4), 20-24. 2) European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 8, Number 3 (2009) 3) http://www.marquette.edu/wac/WhatMakesWritingSoImportant.shtml